America’s closed economy can handle a surging dollar and a fresh
cycle of rising interest rates. Large parts of the world cannot. That in
a nutshell is the story of 2015.
Tightening by the US Federal Reserve will have turbo-charged effects
on a global financial system addicted to zero rates and dollar
liquidity.
Yields on 2-year US Treasuries have surged from 0.31pc to 0.74pc since October, and this is the driver of currency markets.
Since the New Year ritual of predictions is a time to throw darts,
here we go: the dollar will hit $1.08 against the euro before 2015 is
out, and 100 on the dollar index (DXY).
Sterling will buckle to $1.30 as a hung Parliament prompts global
funds to ask why they are lending so freely to a country with a current
account deficit reaching 6pc of GDP.
There will be a mouth-watering chance to invest in the assets of the
BRICS and mini-BRICS at bargain prices, but first they must do penance
for $5.7 trillion in dollar debt, and then do surgery on obsolete growth
models.
The MSCI index of emerging market stocks will slide another third to 28 before touching bottom.
The Yellen Fed will be forced to back down in the end, just as the
Bernanke Fed had to retreat after planning a return to normal policy at
the end of QE1 and QE2.
For now the Fed is on the warpath, digesting figures showing US
capacity use soaring to 80.1pc, and growth running at an 11-year high of
5pc in the third quarter.
The Fed pivot comes as China’s Xi Jinping is trying to deflate his
own country’s $25 trillion credit boom, early in his 10-year term and
before it is too late. He does not need or want uber-growth. The
Politburo will more or less keep its nerve as long as China continues to
meet its target of 10m new jobs a year – easily achieved in 2014 – and
job vacancies outstrip applicants.
Uncle Xi will ultimately blink, but traders betting on a quick return
to credit stimulus may lose their shirts first. Worse yet, when he
blinks, a tool of choice may be to drive down the yuan to fight Japan’s
devaluation, and to counter beggar-thy-neighbour dynamics across East
Asia. This would export yet more Chinese deflation to the rest of the
world.
At best we are entering a new financial order where there is no
longer an automatic “Fed Put” or a “Politburo Put” to act as a safety
net for asset markets. That may be healthy in many ways, but it may also
be a painful discovery for some.
A sated China is as much to “blame” for the crash in oil prices as
America’s shale industry. Together they have knouted Russia's Vladimir
Putin. The bear market will short-circuit at Brent prices of $40, but
not just because shale capitulates. Marginal producers in Canada, the
North Sea, West Africa and the Arctic will share the punishment. The
biggest loser will be Saudi Arabia, reaping the geostrategic whirlwind
of its high stakes game, facing Iranian retaliation through the Shia of
the Eastern Province where the oil lies, and Russian retaliation through
the Houthis in Yemen.
Mr Putin will achieve his objective of crippling Ukraine’s economy
and freezing the conflict in the Donbass, but only by crippling Russia
in the process. Controls will not stem capital flight. Mr Putin will
have to choose been a dangerous loss of foreign reserves and a dangerous
chain of corporate bankruptcies. He will continue to pawn Russia’s
national interest to Beijing in order to save his Siloviki regime, but
wiser heads in Moscow will question how a perpetual dispute with Europe
and the revival of a dying NATO can possibly be in Russia’s interest.
They will check his folly.
The European Central Bank cannot save the day for asset markets as
the Fed pulls back: it does not print dollars, and dollars are what now
matter. Nor is it constitutionally able to act with panache in any case.
While Mario Draghi and the Latin bloc could theoretically impose
full-fledged QE against German resistance, such Frechheit would sap
German political consent for the EMU project. Mr Draghi will accept a
bad compromise: low-octane QE that makes no macro-economic difference,
but noisy enough to provoke a storm.
The eurozone will be in deflation by February, forlornly trying to
ignite its damp wood by rubbing stones. Real interest rates will ratchet
higher. The debt load will continue to rise at a faster pace than
nominal GDP across Club Med. The region will sink deeper into a compound
interest trap.
The political triggers for the next spasm of the EMU crisis are
complex, yet trouble must come since the North-South gap is as wide as
ever in key respects, and the depression drags on. The detonator may of
course be Greece. If Syriza rebels hold their poll lead into the
snap-election this month, a cathartic showdown with Brussels will occur
in short order.
The EU creditors may agree to debt forgiveness for Greece, but they
might equally refuse to talk with a gun held to their heads. There is a
50/50 risk that they would instead switch off life-support and eject
Greece, calculating that they now have the back-stop machinery to stop
contagion. In this they would be wrong.
Breaking my normal rule of discussing equity prices let me say only
that the S&P 500 index of Wall Street stocks will not defy monetary
gravity or the feedback loops of global stress for much longer. Half the
earnings of US big-cap companies come from overseas, repatriated into a
stronger dollar, and therefore worth less in reporting terms.
The index has risen at double-digit rates for three years, further
inflated this year by companies buying back their own shares at a pace
of $130bn a quarter, often with borrowed money. The profit share of GDP
is at a post-war high of 12.5pc (much like 1929), an untenable level as
US wages start to rise and the balance of power swings back to labour.
The S&P index measuring the price-to-sales ratio is higher today
than at its pre-Lehman peak.
Expect a shake-out of 20pc comparable to the LTCM crisis in 1998 when
the wheels came off in Russia and East Asia, though don’t be shocked by
worse. Emerging markets are a much bigger part of the world economy
today, and their combined debt ratio is a record 175pc of GDP.
Once these hiccups are behind us, we can look forward to sunlit uplands as always. Happy New Year.
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